This book is written for students and those who work with elderly people with and without dementia. Based on neuropathology, characteristics for aging and dementia will be explained by simplified neuronal circuits. During the past few years, students appreciated this concept as it answers the question why changes in cognition, motor skills, and pain are typical for aging and for specific subtypes of dementia. Throughout the book, the most prevalent subtypes of dementia will be addressed, such as Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Concerning motor skills, the book focuses on hand motor activity and gait. Changes in the various aspects of pain experience are explained by neuropathology of the medial and lateral pain system. Importantly, this book also provides an update concerning compensation and rehabilitation.